Hello friends, Today we are going to discuss planer machine in which we will know parts of planer machine, types of planer machine and much more.
Along with parts of the planer machine, we will also know the operation of the planer machine, planer tools, work holding devices in the planer, etc.
The operation of the planer machine is similar to that
of the shaper machine, the only difference being that the tool remains
fixed and the table moves back and forth.
A Planer machine is used to do heavy work or
to take heavy cuts.
Planners and shapers were often used
to perform two types of tasks; making perfect
flat surfaces and cutting slots (such as keyways).
Planners and shapers have now become obsolete, as milling machines are selected as machine tools to create such
jobs in their place through milling cutters.
Also, use slotting machines to perform such types of operations.
However, they have not been completely removed from the metal working
world.
What is Planer Machine?
A planer machine is a manufacturing machine that is used to make flat surfaces and slots through single point cutting tools.A planer can remove a large amount of material in one pass and maintain a high degree of precision when it is not as precise as grinding.
Parts of Planer Machine
The following are the main parts of the planer machine.- Bed
- Table
- Housing or column
- Overarm Support
- Cross-Rail
- Tool head
- Feeding mechanism
- Table Drive Mechanism
Show in figure parts of planer machine which are described below in detail.
Bed
A bed is a box like casting that supports all the moving parts of the column and the machine.The bed is made slightly
larger than twice the length of the table.
On its entire top surface, precision guideways are made on which the table slides.
Table
A table is the parts of the planer machine which is made of good quality cast iron, it holds to the work and reciprocates on the guideways of the bed.The 'T' slots are made over the entire length of the table so that the bolt gates can be fitted to hold the work or means of work on them.
Housing or column
Housing is a strong vertical structure like a box that is applied on each side of the bed.Precision guideways are made on the front face of each
housing on which the cross-rail can move up and down.
Overarm Support
It is a part of a planer machine that is used to support both side columns or housing.Cross Rail
Cross rail is a box like casting that connects two housings.The cross rail can be moved up and down and clamped to any fixed position.
Tool head
The tool head of the planer is similar to the tool head of the shaper.In a tool head cutting tools are fitted according to performing an operation.
There are two types of tool heads mounted on the planer machine.
- Vertical Tool Head
- Slide Tool Head
Vertical Tool Head
The vertical tool head is mounted on the cross rail that moves left and right in a cross rail.It can also move slightly up and down on the cross rail.
Slide Tool Head
The slide tool head is mounted on the housing or column that moves up and down in a housing or column.
It can also move slightly left and right on the housing or column.
Feeding Mechanism
Feed in the planer is given at the end of the forward stroke or at the beginning of the backward stroke.The feed is given through the movement of the tool.
There are two types of feeds.
- Down feed
- Cross-feed
Down Feed
Down feed is given when machining the vertical or angular surface, the down feed screw of the tool head is rotated and fed down.Cross-Feed
Cross feeds are given when machining the horizontal surface of a work hold on a table.Table Drive Mechanism
For the table drive mechanism, a quick return mechanism is used.The following methods are used to obtain motion in a backward stroke of the planer table and slow-motion in a forward stroke.
Following are the various mechanisms used to run the table.
- Open and Cross Belt Drive
- DC Reversible Motor
- Hydraulic Drive
Open and Cross Belt Drive
Small planners are driven by open and cross belts using fast and loose pulleys.But such planners can operate only at a one cutting speed and a one return speed.
DC Reversible Motor
A DC reversible motor uses a motor that can change its speed according to the feed current.Power from the motor is transmitted to the table rack by a
reduction gearing and a worm that mashes with the table rack.
This method is used to obtain table speeds in the range.
This method is used to obtain table speeds in the range.
Hydraulic Drive
Mechanisms for the hydraulic drive of the shaper can be used in planers with some modifications.These drives also include trip dogs along
the table to adjust the stroke length and change the
position of the table.
These planers are not used for heavy duty work as the required hydraulic power is very high and the drive is not smooth.
These planers are not used for heavy duty work as the required hydraulic power is very high and the drive is not smooth.
After parts of planer machine now we will know types of planer machine in details.
It has a long heavy base on its entire top surface, Precision guideways are made on which the table reciprocates.
Two vertical housings are mounted near the center of the base.
The tool head is mounted on the cross-rail.
The tool is fed by hand or power in crosswise or vertical directions.
This type of planer is suitable for machining very large workpieces.
It is specially used to square or bevel the steel plate, plates which are used in pressure vessels and shipbuilding works.
This type of design saves more time wasted when setting tasks.
Often the following work holding devices are used in planer machines.
Usually, the following operations are done on the planer machine.
These are similar in shape and tool angles to the tools often used on lathe machines or shaper machines.
But these tools are made in heavier and larger cross sections because planer tools have to work on course feeds during the heavy cut, long cutting strokes.
Planner tools can be of the solid, forge type, or bit type.
The bits are made from high-speed steel, stellite, or cementite carbide.
Planer tools are of different sizes which are as follows.
Types of Planer Machine
There are the following types of planer machines.- Double Housing Planner Machine
- Open Side Planer Machine
- Pit Planer Machine
- Edge or Plate Planer Machine
- Divided Table Planer Machine
Double Housing Planner Machine
This is the most commonly used planner.It has a long heavy base on its entire top surface, Precision guideways are made on which the table reciprocates.
Two vertical housings are mounted near the center of the base.
The tool head is mounted on the cross-rail.
The tool is fed by hand or power in crosswise or vertical directions.
Open Side Planer Machine
This type of planner machine has only one housing on one side of the base and hangs from the housing like a cross-rail cantilever.
These types of planer machines allow large-sized jobs to be hold on the table and reciprocated under the cutting tool.
Pit Planer Machine
These types of planer machines differ from the ordinary planer in that its table is fixed and the column reciprocates with the cross-rail on the mounted horizontal rails on both sides of the table.This type of planer is suitable for machining very large workpieces.
Edge or Plate Planer Machine
These types of planer machines are completely different from ordinary planers.It is specially used to square or bevel the steel plate, plates which are used in pressure vessels and shipbuilding works.
Divided Table Planer Machine
It has two tables on the bed which can be reciprocated individually or simultaneously.This type of design saves more time wasted when setting tasks.
Work Holding Devices in Planer Machine
Standard clamping tools are used to hold most work or jobs on the planer's table.Often the following work holding devices are used in planer machines.
- Heavy Duty Vices
- 'T' bolts and Clamps
- Step Blocks
- Angle Plates
- Planner Jacks
- Planner Centers
- 'V' blocks
Operations of Planer Machine
Planer operations are similar to operations performed on a shaper.
The only difference is that the planer is specially designed for machining large work, while the shaper can only machine small work.
Usually, the following operations are done on the planer machine.
- The planing of horizontal surfaces
- The planing of vertical surfaces
- Machining of angles
- The planing of curved surfaces
- The planing of slots and grooves
Planer Tools
The cutting tools used on a planer machine are all single point cutting tools.These are similar in shape and tool angles to the tools often used on lathe machines or shaper machines.
But these tools are made in heavier and larger cross sections because planer tools have to work on course feeds during the heavy cut, long cutting strokes.
Planner tools can be of the solid, forge type, or bit type.
The bits are made from high-speed steel, stellite, or cementite carbide.
Planer tools are of different sizes which are as follows.
- Round nose tool
- Square nose tool
- Dovetail tool
- 'T' slot tool
- Finishing tool
- Keyway cutting tool
Cutting Speed, Feed, and Depth of Cut in Planer Machine
Cutting Speed
It is the rate at which the metal is cut during the forward cutting stroke.It is expressed in m/min.
Feed
It is the distance in which the tool head moves during each cutting stroke and is expressed in mm per double stroke.Depth of Cut
It is the thickness of metal that is cut into one cut that is measured by the perpendicular distance between the machined and unmachined surface and expressed in mm.So friends here I have discussed parts of planer machine and their types, operation.
I hope you all like this post.
Thank You.
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